Ch 3 Exercise Set A Principles of Accounting, Volume 1: Financial Accounting

But investors are still waiting for more data on Pfizer’s flu vaccine in adults 65 and older. People 65 years and older are at higher risk of developing serious complications from flu, compared with young, healthy adults. Between 70% and 85% of seasonal flu-related deaths in the U.S. occurred among people 65 years and older in recent years, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The company’s Covid vaccine raked in $1.31 billion in sales, down 70% from the year-ago quarter. Analysts had expected the shot to bring in $1.53 billion in sales, according to FactSet estimates. LO
3.5Journalize for Harper and Co. each of the following transactions or state no entry required and explain why.

• Most of the time, the month-end inventory value is estimated instead of measured.
• It’s not much of a challenge to understand which account type a transaction goes towards.
• When asking “What is normal balance,” it’s worth taking the time to also look at contra accounts.
• These contra accounts are accounts that are offset against another account.
• For the third quarter, Pfizer booked a net loss of $2.38 billion, or 42 cents per share.

In addition to performing ratio analysis, you might find that reading the notes to a company’s financial statements is a helpful extra step in inventory analysis. The U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) allow different valuation methods for inventory (such as last in, first out (LIFO); first in, first out (FIFO); and average cost). A company’s management can attempt to use this discretion to manipulate its earnings.

to understand.

Since your company did not yet pay its employees, the Cash account is not credited, instead, the credit is recorded in the liability account Wages Payable. In accounting, the total amount for liabilities must always be equal to the total amount for assets. This is because balance sheets are two different views of a singular business.

Create a T-account for Cash, post any entries that affect the account, and calculate the ending balance for the account. LO
3.1Indicate how changes in the following types of accounts would be recorded (Dr for debit; Cr for credit). A balance sheet will not show the risks that come with a large inventory. The information you need to find the risks can be found in, among other things, a firm’s annual report and the footnotes of balance sheets. By having many revenue accounts and a huge number of expense accounts, a company will be able to report detailed information on revenues and expenses throughout the year. Ed would credit his Online store fee account as this is an expense account.

An inventory reserve is a contra asset account on a company’s balance sheet made in anticipation of inventory that will not be able to be sold. Every year, a company has an inventory that will not be able to be sold for various reasons. It may spoil, fall out of fashion, or become technologically obsolete. Temporary accounts (or nominal accounts) include all of the revenue accounts, expense accounts, the owner’s drawing account, and the income summary account.

The end of the month rolls around and a bill comes in for running Ed’s online store. Ed allows the commercial client to pay within 30 days after he invoices them. Upgrading to a paid membership gives you access to our extensive collection of plug-and-play Templates designed to power your performance—as well as CFI’s full course catalog and accredited Certification Programs. It is necessary to keep in mind all these pitfalls every time we use the average inventory data. Get instant access to video lessons taught by experienced investment bankers. Learn financial statement modeling, DCF, M&A, LBO, Comps and Excel shortcuts.

Evan Tarver is a writer and tech entrepreneur who led his last company to a successful acquisition in 2022. He now runs Great Robot, leveraging his in-depth knowledge of AI to help people get smarter about AI for accrued liability definition business. Connect with him on Twitter for valuable (and entertaining) insights. Periodic automatic replenishment (PAR) levels track the minimum and maximum levels of inventory maintained for an inventory item.

Contra Accounts

These accounts normally have credit balances that are increased with a credit entry. Understanding normal balance accounting and how to use it gives you an introduction to the basics of double-entry bookkeeping. It’s not much of a challenge to understand which account type a transaction goes towards. This is the first step towards total understanding and it goes a long way towards proper normal balance accounting.

By reviewing a company’s financial statement notes, you might be able to glean some telltale signs of this manipulation. Economic order quantity (EOQ) is an inventory management technique that helps determine the optimal order quantity for a product that minimizes total inventory costs. EOQ is a calculation that takes into account the annual demand, ordering cost and holding cost of a specific product to arrive at the optimal quantity. This technique reduces cost while also ensuring there is enough inventory on hand to meet customer demand. A normal balance is the expectation that a particular type of account will have either a debit or a credit balance based on its classification within the chart of accounts.

Inventory Management Software

Adding a debit entry for an asset account increases the asset balance while adding a credit entry to liability accounts increases the liability. Since a portion of a company’s inventory goes unsold each year, it makes sense that the company would not include the entire amount of its inventory as an asset on their balance sheet. Without the inventory reserve entry, the value of the company’s assets would be overstated. Expenses normally have debit balances that are increased with a debit entry.

To illustrate, assume that the president of a store that sells antiques buys a 120-year-old table for resell purposes. When the table arrives at the store, another $300 must be spent to fix a scratch cut across its surface. Should this added cost be capitalized (added to the reported balance for inventory) or expensed? The answer to this question is not readily apparent and depends on ascertaining all relevant facts.

Balance Sheet

When choosing the best techniques for you, make sure to consider the type of product you sell, the size of your business, your overall budget and the level of accuracy needed to run an effective supply chain. For certain types of businesses, knowing how much inventory is on the balance sheet can give a vital look at the health of the company. Some of the risks are built-in and certain, while there are some risks that can be planned for and managed. A risk that is worth thinking about when looking at companies and sectors to invest in is inventory that is dated or spoiled. You also want to see how much inventory the firm loses through theft or other loss.

The two most common usages are related to the comparison of sales or revenue. The weighted-average cost method is the third most widely used accounting method after LIFO and FIFO. In accounting, the term “Inventory” describes a wide array of materials used in the production of goods, as well as the finished goods waiting to be sold. Debit simply means on the left side of the equation, whereas credit means on the right hand side of the equation as summarized in the table below.

Pfizer drug pipeline, M&A

Holding unsold inventory is costly because money is tied up in an idle resource with no income until the inventory is sold. It is costly to store inventory, especially when it requires special handling. Also, certain inventory gets obsolete and may require selling at a significant discount just to get rid of it. LO
3.6Prepare an unadjusted trial balance, in correct format, from the alphabetized account information as follows.

That substantial rate of interest is avoided by making the early payment, a decision chosen by most companies unless they are experiencing serious cash flow difficulties. Another problem arises if the average inventory is used to calculate the business trend in the year-to-date calculation. If the sales are seasonal, it can lead to a skewed distribution that can be misleading. Generally speaking, the four different types of inventories are raw materials, work-in-progress, finished goods (available-for-sale), and maintenance, repair, and operating supplies (MRO). Inventory refers to the raw materials used by a company to produce goods, unfinished work-in-process (WIP) goods, and finished goods available for sale.